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Environmental Activists Pushing For Strong Action on Climate Change; Combating ISIS's Social Media Footprint; Russia Places Economic Sanctions on Turkey. Aired 8:00a-9:00a ET

Aired November 30, 2015 - 8:00   ET

THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.


[08:00:00] KRISTIE LU STOUT, HOST: World leaders are gathered for the start of almost two weeks of intense talks on climate change. The COP-21,

as its called, it brings together more than 40,000 delegates from nearly 200 countries with a single goal in mind, to reach a legally binding

agreement to cut carbon gas emissions.

And across the globe activists are pushing for strong action.

And here is a visual reminder of why these talks are so critical. Just take a look at these pictures from Beijing, the capital of the world's

largest carbon gas producer, the entire city blanketed in what authorities there say is the worst smog so far this year.

Now, COP, or COP, stands for conference of parties. It's a climate change summit that first started 20 years ago. The biggest milestone was

reached in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 when nations adopted the first international treaty on controlling greenhouse gases. Now that agreement

was not binding. The U.S. never ratified it and while China and other developing nations were exempted.

Now this year, though, world leaders are aiming higher. For first time ever they want and legally enforced deal that would keep global

warming below 2 degrees Celsius. Now that is the threshold that some experts say, if exceeded,

would push the earth to a catastrophic tipping point.

Now, as those talks get underway, our Jim Bittermann is standing by for us in

Paris. He joins me now. And Jim, China and the United States, two biggest emitters of greenhouse gases, their leaders met today in Paris and they

addressed the press. What was their joint message?

JIM BITTERMANN, CNN INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Well basically, I think

that both pledged to make something meaningful happen here in Paris. They both pledged their feeling that something had to be done.

President Xi said in his remarks that that we shouldn't think of the Paris

talks as a finish line but as a starting point. And President Obama said we're

of the generation, the first generation to recognize the problem the greenhouse gases are causing and we're also the last generation to be able

to do anything about it.

So, the good will is there. The good politics seem to be there, Kristie.

LU STOUT: And ahead of the summit, Jim, many protesters took to the streets

of Paris. What was their message and how vocal are they going to be throughout the conference?

BITTERMANN: Well, basically they are trying to put pressure on the leaders to make sure they don't forget what the goal is. These are a lot

of activists from Greenpeace and other organizations, environmentalists from around the

world who gathered here. And I think they'll keep up the pressure throughout.

Now, I don't think they're going to be allowed to take part in the kind of

things that happened yesterday.

Now, we had about a group of 100 or 200 people who fought with police yesterday. They had to use tear gas, there were over 200 arrests. So it

was a kind of debacle as far as many of the environmentalists are concerned.

The French government has shown that they are not going to take any extravagance as far as demonstrators are concerned. They used special

emergency powers that have been in place since the attacks that took place on Friday

the 13th. They've used their special powers to in fact put under house arrest 24 of the more radical of the environmentalists -- Kristie.

LU STOUT: Security concerns are high and also expectations are very high at the COP21 conference and what it's going to achieve at the end of

the day.

So, how are the people of Paris, what kind of role are they playing to try to make a difference during this critical time?

BITTERMANN: Well, I think at the moment they are playing a role of staying at home. Because the government actually asked that, that people

stay at home today for security reasons. They have blocked off a number of roads through Paris. I went through the Place de la Concorde (ph) just

awhile ago. Its foot traffic only, that's normally a very, very busy square indeed.

There's -- so they are making some sacrifices I think as well in terms of the

inconvenience the conference is causing, but that's only going to go on for two days because the leaders will be leaving here Tuesday and then from

that point onward, it will be various officials of various governments who will be negotiating the fine details of any kind of agreement.

Laurent Fabius, The French foreign minister, said yesterday that he expects to have some kind of an agreement hammered out by this Saturday.

So, that's quite optimistic, indeed, but I think it's the kind of optimism

at least they are starting with here in Paris -- Kristie.

LU STOUT: All right, some tough negotiations ahead. Jim Bittermann setting the scene for us live in Paris. Thank you, Jim.

Now, a lot of the focus will be on China, a major player at this year's summit. It is the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases, but

China is also investing more in clean energy projects than any other country in the world.

Matt Rivers reports.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

MATT RIVERS, CNN CORRESPONDENT: These are streets choked with pollution, thick enough to see, to burn your eyes, to leave an acrid taste

in your mouth. This is Baoding, China's the most polluted city where daily life goes on under the cloak of a toxic shroud.

Jao Shwong (ph) grew up here. He's raising his young son here and the air they breathe is always on his mind.

"When the pollution get really serious, we can't even see the buildings next to us," he says. "We can't even describe how bad the smell

is."

Like thousands of others here, he gets ready for work each morning and heads out into the haze as a coal power plant churns out toxins above.

Jao (ph) works in the energy sector, too, though his factory hopes to make coal obsolete.

This is Jingli Solar (ph), one of the largest solar power companies, right in the middle of Baoding and business is booming. The company says

they have plans to more than double their current capacity by 2020.

UNIDENITIFIED MALE (through translator): I believe there will be a large increase in renewable energy industry, no matter its solar power,

wind power or others.

[08:06:02] RIVERS: In 2014, Chinese companies invested over 80 billion U.S. dollars in

renewable energy products. No country in the world invested more.

And yet despite all of that, renewable energy accounts for only 10 percent or so of China's energy supply. this is a country where coal

remains king. Many families keep piles of coal like this one to burn for warmth during the winter months. It is a major pollutant, but it is also

cheap and it is efficient and because of that, it accounts for between 60 and 70 percent of China's energy supply.

Coal use actually slowed in 2014, but the country still consumes nearly as much as the rest of the world combined. China is the world's

largest greenhouse gas emitter, but the government had said its emissions will peak by 2030.

To hit that goal, they'll need the help of companies like Jingli (ph) and workers like Jao Shwong (ph).

"I'm very concerned about my son's health," he says, "if the air pollution stays like this, he won't ever be able to leave the house."

So he hopes his work will help make things better so his son won't be afraid to take a deep breath.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

LU STOUT: Matt Rivers filed that report in Baoding, the most polluted city in China this year.

He joins me now live on the line from Beijing with more.

And Matt, it was just last night, the day before you had Mr. Xi and Mr. Obama sitting down for talks in Paris, Beijing issued that orange

alert, its worst smog alert of the year.

Just describe it. How bad is the air out there?

RIVERS: Kristie, there's really two ways to describe it. You could go by the numbers, right, so if you look at the U.S. embassy air quality

index here in Beijing, it sits over 600 just for some -- the World Health Organization says that the highest level should be about 25, and that gives

you an idea where we're at.

But I think the easier way to tell would be just to walk outside. We spent our entire day outside today. And you can feel it when the pollution

is this bad. It hurts your eyes, you cough a little bit more, you can smell it in the air and

when you take your pollution mask off, you can actually taste it in some areas.

And so it really is as bad as advertised.

LU STOUT: Yeah, this is pollution you can feel, that you can taste. And this really matters to people in China, as that worker in Baoding told

you in that report, he says he wants clean air for his infant son. People in China want it, but is it a priority for the Communist Party, especially

as it deals with other challenges?

RIVERS: Right. Well, it depends on what actions you're looking at here from the Chinese government. On the one hand, you see President Xi in

Paris, up there with President Obama, talking about their commitment to lowering carbon

emissions here in China.

They have held fast to that 2030 deadline where their emissions will peak, or so they say. And they even released a report of their own design

citing some 500 plus scientists talking about how climate change is expected to impact China in many, many ways, including agriculturally and with their

infrastructure here.

That said, what you have also heard from the Chinese government is two things, one that China is still a developing nation, still is growing to

become a rich economy as they say on par with some of the other developed economies in the world. And so they need to be given room to chart their

own path as they say.

China is the second largest economy that is certainly worth mentioning.

And then the other part is that President Xi has said that China is committed to 6.5 percent growth per year within their GDP up until 2020.

And really the only way that most people think that can be achieved is by the continuation of some of these policies that have no doubt had a negative impact on

climate change.

[08:10:01] LU STOUT: And China has said that it's committed to dealing with the challenge posed by greenhouse gas emissions. It is

investing in renewable energy. But when you look at these pictures from where you are in Beijing, we look at the smog, we look at China's love

affair with coal and two-thirds of its energy comes from these coal-fired power plants, is China not just saying it wants to

invest in cleaner renewable forms of energy, but is it actually going to move away from dirty fuel and introduce cleaner forms of energy? Because

this country needs it.

RIVERS: Well, what you heard in our report, I mean, there was over 80 billion U.S. dollars spent here in China in 2014 on renewable energy

projects and that number is really nothing to sneeze at. I mean, I think you could certainly make the argument that Chinese companies at the

government is (inaudible) them in a lot of instances, to invest all of this money in renewable energy. It is certainly putting its money where its

mouth is.

But I guess the other flip side of that would be kind of what is the net gain

there because we've also been told -- we've also seen that there are new coal power plants that are being built around the country as well. And so

yes there is a lot of money being spent on renewable energy projects and that is nothing to sneeze at. It's something to really note.

That said, coal, as you mentioned is king here and it doesn't seem to be that's going to go away any time soon.

LU STOUT: All right, Matt Rivers reporting live for us from Beijing filing that report from Baoding earlier. Many thanks indeed for that,

Matt. And you're watching News Stream. And still to come on the program, tensions remain high between Russia and Turkey after the downing of a

Russian warplane. We'll bring you the very latest on the rift.

Also ahead, ISIS and its online strategy. We'll look at how the militant group is exploiting social media and what's being done to battle

it.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

LU STOUT: Welcome back.

Now, the Kremlin says Russian President Vladimir Putin will not meet with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan at the climate summit in Paris.

Mr. Erdogan had appealed for talks in the aftermath of Turkey's downing of a Russian war plane near the Turkish-Syrian border.

Now, Turkey's government says the jet violated its air space, a claim Moscow denies. And Russia wants an apology.

But Turkey has dug its heels in. And Moscow is about to put the squeeze on the Turkish economy.

Matthew Chance joins me now live from Moscow and Matthew walk us through the sanctions that Russia is imposing on Turkey and what kind of

impact they are going to have.

[08:15:16] MATTHEW CHANCE, CNN INTERNATIONAL CORREPSONDENT: That's right, Kristie, a whole host of economic measures been announced by the

Kremlin over the weekend, going to be implemented as soon as possible against Turkish interests inside Russia.

For instance, they've -- first of all, ended the visa free travel regime for

Turkish citizens to come to Russia. They can still come, but from now they'll

need a visa, previously they could have traveled here without a visa. That would obviously have an impact not so much on tourism, because not a great

deal of tourists come to Russia from Turkey but it will have an impact on business, businesses have also been barred, restricted access for Turkish

firms in Russia, also Turkish employees here will face Further restrictions as well.

And the sanctions going to be placed on important products like food products. Much of Russia's fruit and vegetables, for instance, come from

Turkish suppliers. They will be phased in. The sanctions will be phased in on those products as the Russian authorities find alternative sources

for fruits and vegetables.

Also, charter flights between the two countries will be stopped from here on

inwards. That is going to have an impact on tourism. Remember, there are 3.2 million Russian tourists that went to Turkey last year on holiday.

That process, that industry is essentially grinding to a halt because of the sanctions. Turkish -- Russian tour operators are now refusing to sell

package holidays in Turkey to Russian citizens as part of these economic measures.

So some very severe economic measures being put on Turkey because of this downing of the SU-24 aircraft on the Turkish/Syria border last week.

And moreover, because of the Turkish refusal to apologize for that downing and refusal to talk about any compensation measures for the losses,

Kristie.

LU STOUT: And because of those reasons, that is also why we're hearing

from the Kremlin that the two leaders are not going to be meeting, not going to be

talking in Paris this next week.

Should we expect the rift to just grow between Turkey and Russia, especially now during this crucial time as nations around the world,

including these two, need to unite to fight ISIS and also need to unite to fight climate change?

CHANCE: Well, I mean, certainly the hope amongst people who are watching the situation largely is that it will de-escalate at some point.

But so far the efforts that have been made, for instance by the Turkish authorities to reach out and to say, look, let's talk about this, let's not

let this problem get too big have been rejected by the Kremlin.

Vladimir Putin absolutely furious that there's been no apology and this event took place in the first place.

I mean, the relationship between Russia and Turkey has always been quite fragile, particularly over the issue of Syria. They are on opposite

sides of the divide of the conflict. The Russians backing Bashar al-Assad very

strongly. The Syrians supporting the opposite -- sorry the Turkish supporting the Syrian

opposition groups who are opposed to Bashar al-Assad. And so they've been on two sides of the divide.

But they've always had a strong economic relationship. Once that economic relationship starts to disappear, as it is now, there's nothing

really to stand in the way of them becoming even greater adversaries.

LU STOUT: Good point. Matthew Chance reporting live from Moscow. Thank you.

Now, ISIS is known for its heavy recruiting over social media. And authorities admit it is difficult to combat the thousands of extremist

accounts online. We'll take a look at this online battle.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

[08:22:22] LU STOUT: When he arrived in Paris, U.S. President Barack Obama paid his respects to the 130 victims of the Paris terror attacks.

Mr. Obama laid a single white rose at the Bataclan concert hall memorial and stood in a moment of silence.

And we are just getting new developments in the hunt for fugitive terror

suspect Saleh Abdelsalam. A source close to the investigation tells CNN French

intelligence now believe he has already escaped to Syria.

Now, the French president called terrorism a global challenge and social media is one of the battlefields in the wake of the Paris terror

attacks. Mr. Obama called ISIS, quote, a bunch of killers with good social media.

And while he said that to diminish the group, he's right. ISIS has been very active and very prolific online. A number of videos showing the

gruesome murders of ISIS hostages have been uploaded to YouTube and according to news reports, a Dutch ISIS fighter took questions on his

Tumblr page earlier this month.

And then there's that finding from the Brookings Institution that found between September and December of last year, at least 46,000 Twitter

accounts were used by ISIS supporters.

And while there is no blanket ban on posting ISIS content on the internet,

many social media sites do respond to complaints from users by blocking accounts. There said, there is now doubt that ISIS and other militant

groups have found a powerful voice through social media.

So, what more can social platforms do to wipe out ISIS online?

Now, let's talk to J.M. Berger, founder of Intelwire.com and co-author of "ISIS the State of Terror." He joins me live from Cambridge,

Massachusetts. And J.M., welcome back to the program.

And, first, just a thought about ISIS and social media in general. Would ISIS be the power, the threat that it is today without social media?

Would it have flourished without social media to broadcast its message?

J.M. BERGER, FOUNDER OF INTELWIRE.COM: Well, I think that its international reach is largely driven by online. But now let's -- when you

look at the how social media affects their recruitment, how it affects their operations, what you can see is that the further you get away from

Iraq and Syria, the more social media comes into play.

So, you know, certainly in the west, a lot of their ability to have an impact

on headlines is coming from at least vetted by social media. And, you know, the tools that they use on social media are also tools that they can

use for other communications. So, you know, their online presence, they're using electronics to communicate on the affiliates among the branches of

ISIS abroad.

So, I would say it's pretty important.

LU STOUT: So, they are using social media for propaganda value, recruitment, operations. What is the best way to fight ISIS on social

media? Because right now, so much relies on self-policing by users. So, what more can a platform like

Facebook do to just stop it all, to crack down on terror propaganda without eroding freedom of speech?

[08:25:18] BERGER: So, Facebook is pretty aggressive about cracking down on ISIS propaganda, although it does pop up in their operations, so

people use it for peer-to-peer, point-to-point communications, but it's very hard to find the propaganda on Facebook.

On Twitter there's more, which has to do with the choices they make about policing.

You know, the free speech issue is very complex because these platforms cross a lot of different countries with different laws and

ultimately, you don't have a right to have a platform even in the United States where we have very aggressive freedom of speech.

So you know, you have a right to express your views and not be arrested for them, that doesn't necessarily mean you have a right to get on

network television and broadcast them. So, social media mixes broadcasting and private communications. And so it kind of falls into a gray area of

the law right now.

LU STOUT: Yeah, much of the focus on the battle against ISIS is what's happening on the ground in Syria, in Iraq.

But if we succeed in limiting ISIS online propaganda and recruiting online, if we can limit ISIS and social media, how would that translate

into the real world?

BERGER: Well, I think ISIS is being limited on social media now. So you know, the amount of pressure that is on their networks currently is

holding it flat or slightly smaller. You know, an online network is going to grow naturally over time. It's most people who had an active Twitter account

will see followers increase.

And what we're seeing is that the pressure that's on this network right now is holding it flat or shrinking it slightly, probably, in the

wake of Paris.

It helps with stemming recruiting flows, it helps with preventing new radicalization cases. One of the problems with this approach is that

because the network is under pressure, it's much more insular, so it's much of an echo

chamber. If somebody does get into the network, they might radicalize faster. So, you know, there's a tradeoff in this.

LU STOUT: And last time we talked, you shared your findings on how active

ISIS was on Twitter.

Since the Paris attacks, ISIS is under a lot of pressure both in the real world and the virtual world on social media, is ISIS retreating to

other, lesser known social platforms?

BERGER: Ever since they started to encounter serious pressure on Twitter, they've gone through a lot of different platforms. So, there was

a tendency to lean on Twitter last year because there was a platform where they could operate with relative freedom. So that was kind of the

trajectory for their official propaganda releases.

And once that pressure started what we've seen is that they've gone from platform to platform where they thought there was some promise of not

being interfered with and they kicked off of all of them.

So, the latest one of those was Telegram, which is a secure -- sort of a secure version of Twitter in some ways and Telegram just recently started

putting pressure on them, knocking their networks off. So, you know, it's a constant cat and mouse game with new platforms arising.

LU STOUT: That's right, ISIS retreating to messaging apps, but messaging apps now in turn cracking down on ISIS. We'll leave it at that,

J.M. Berger joining me live from Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thank you so much for lending your insight once again to us here on News Stream. Take

care.

BERGER: Thank you.

LU STOUT: Now, Bill Gates tells CNN that he wants to make renewable energy

cheaper and he's willing to invest billions to do just that. We will have our interview with the former Microsoft CEO as he gets ready to announce a

clean energy initiative at the climate summit in Paris.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

[08:32:13] LU STOUT: I'm Kristie Lu Stout in Hong Kong. You're watching News Stream and these are your world headlines. Now the global

conference on climate change has kicked off in Paris. At the opening, the Chinese

president said countries should be allowed to seek their own solutions according to their national interest.

Now Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates is also there at the conference. In fact, he just spoke with CNN about his clean tech initiative. More on

that in just a moment.

Now, the Kremlin again says the Russian and Turkish presidents will not meet at the climate summit in Paris. Now, Moscow is demanding Turkey

apologize for shooting down a Russian war plane, but the Turkish government insists the jet violated its air space. Russia says will place economic

sanctions on Turkey.

New Zealand says farewell to a sporting hero. Jonah Lomu has been called rugby's first global superstar. The All Black starred died on

November 18 at the age of 40. And fans gathered at his funeral in Auckland and his old teammates paid tribute by performing a haka. Lomu burst onto

the scene at the 1995 World Cup. He scored four tries against England, including one that was later voted the greatest World Cup try of all time.

Now, one of the richest people in the world says clean cheap energy is the best way to fight climate change. Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates just

spoke with our Christiane Amanpour and Chris Cuomo in Paris where he is set to unveil

a multinational clean energy initiative.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

BILL GATES, MICROSOFT CO-FOUNDER: The key to getting increased commitments to avoid the temperature rise we want to avoid is going to be

innovation. We need to bring the cost premium for being clean down and the partnership that's key to

that is governments funding basic research and private investors like the group of 28 people I brought together to take the high risk venture

investments and turn those into products so we could have clean energy that's not more expensive than today's hydrocarbon energy.

CHRIS CUOMO, CNN CORRESPONDENT: You say the gigantic commitment of government, but a lot of them are still pumping out fossil fuel emissions,

a lot of them aren't doing what they need to do because there's really no enforcement mechanism. So, how do we get that part straight so that there

can be an even playing field on people moving forward with innovation?

GATES: The best thing of all would be to get competitive with the price of hydrocarbon. Some countries will use a tax approach to help boot

strap that, which is good. There's been a lot of tax credits involved. There's been a lot of what are called renewable portfolio standards, but in

the long run you need the innovation so that the cost of clean is as low or ideally lower than the coal-based energy generation.

And that's why the science is so exciting now. It is risky, but basic research from governments plus entrepreneurs like this group of 28 that

includes the University of California, I think that lays the foundation over the next decade, we'll fund over 100 companies and enough of those

will be successful to make this challenge.

CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR, CNN INTERANTIONAL CORRESPONDENT: And Mr. Gates, what do you hope beyond about what you're about to launch along with

President Obama and President Hollande, what we've been talking about, that the governments can do? Because many people say, oh, you know, unless all

of the governments actually get together, sign on to something that's legally binding, which this will not

be because of problems with the U.S. congress, that it just won't work.

For instance, China which has made all sorts of promises about capping its

emissions, turns out it's been emitting 17 percent more of coal and those kinds of emissions than it either knew or made public.

What is your hope, therefore, for where governments can lead?

GATES: Well, it's very helpful to have a framework for commitments, but five years from now why will people increase those commitments? And

how can we make it more feasible so that we can get almost all of those countries meeting their commitments as well as improving them?

And the answer is innovation. I've seen innovation in the digital space, in the energy space, it doesn't happen as fast. It's harder. But

now we're bringing together literally billions on the government side and billions on the private side, and that's going to get a lot of new startups

going and so, the -- it won't be as hard to make commitments. I think that's key.

If we didn't have innovation, I don't think we'd ever get to where we need to be.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

LU STOUT: Bill Gates there speaking with our Christiane Amanpour and Chris Cuomo.

Now Facebook's CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Alibaba chairman Jack Ma are among those backing the clean energy initiative.

Now, as world leaders meet at the climate change conference in Paris, people from around the world weigh in on the fight against global warming.

Hear what they told us next on News Stream.

(COMMERICAL BREAK)

LU STOUT: Now, leaders gathered at the climate talks in Paris. They have a major challenge ahead. They are trying to agree on legally binding

reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

Now, we asked people around the world what they think the summit leaders need to do to prevent a climate catastrophe. Here's what they told

us for open mike.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Whenever we commute, going to offices or anywhere, we want loads and loads of petrol. Instead if we can go by the local

transport: the buses that are running, local metro.

UNIDENITIFIED FEMALE: I think educating people would definitely, definitely help. That's ultimately they are the ones who have to take

action.

UNIDENITIFIED MALE: Maybe giving out subsidies for renewable source of energies.

[11:40:04] UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: (SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: (SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Educating people on the disasters and how climate is

changing very rapidly.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Carbon emissions need to be cut by probably 50 percent and all transportation based on fossil fuel should be transmuted to

alternative energy sources.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: International bodies all they need to do is to adhere to the states regulatory environmental. regulatory rules by specific

countries.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Teaching people so that we can have a total behavioral

change as it starts from the mind change -- I mean, mind of every other citizen.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: All of the governments need to be caring about the subject. Put aside and put away the political discussions and religion.

It affects all around the globe.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: do more on recycling and use less plastic bags and less hairspray.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I think many cities are just big concrete jungles and we should incorporate more nature and parks as an interim part

of the city where people live.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Not allowing large companies to buy and sell carbon points to each other...

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: To buy more locally to reduce the carbon footprint.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I think it's one of those questions that until we look back in another three or four or five generations, it won't be

clear what we should have done and then it will perhaps be too late.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

LU STOUT: And that is News Stream. I'm Kristie Lu Stout, but don't go anywhere. World Sport with Amanda Davies is next.

END